دنیای زبان انگلیسی ( بهروزپور )
لغات و اصطلاح .داستان کوتاه . شعر.جوک .ضرب المثل.اشپزی.رمان. نمایشنامه.متن دوزبانه
دنیای زبان انگلیسی ( بهروزپور )
لغات و اصطلاح .داستان کوتاه . شعر.جوک .ضرب المثل.اشپزی.رمان. نمایشنامه.متن دوزبانهThe Great Gatsby /گتسبی بزرگ(داستان عشقی)
The Great Gatsby is a novel by the American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. First published on April 10, 1925, it is set on Long Island's North Shore and in New York City during the summer of 1922. It is a critique of the American Dream.
The novel takes place following the First World War. American society enjoyed having unprecedented levels of prosperity during the "roaring" 1920s as the economy soared. At the same time, Prohibition, the ban on the sale and manufacture of alcohol as mandated by the Eighteenth Amendment, made millionaires out of bootleggers. After its republishing in 1945 and 1953, it quickly found a wide readership and is today widely regarded as a paragon of the Great American Novel, and a literary classic. The Great Gatsby has become a standard text in high school and university courses on American literature in countries around the world,[1] and is ranked second in the Modern Library's lists of the 100 Best Novels of the 20th Century.
Plot
Nick Carraway, the narrator, is a young bachelor from a patrician Midwestern family, who graduates from Yale in 1915. After fighting in World War I, he returns to the Midwest before settling in New York City to "learn the bond business." Despite his wealthy upbringing, Nick himself has a very modest living.
Nick explains that in 1922 he rented a small bungalow between two mansions in West Egg, a wealthy community on Long Island Sound. Across the bay was East Egg, inhabited by the "old aristocracy," including Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Daisy is Nick's second cousin once removed and Nick knew of Tom, a football player at New Haven. Nick describes the Buchanans in a visit to their East Egg mansion: although phenomenally wealthy, Tom's glory days are behind him; he is a dilettante. Daisy, although engaging and attractive, is pampered and superficial, largely ignoring her three-year-old daughter. Daisy's friend Jordan Baker, a well-known female golfer, shows an interest in Nick and tells him that Tom has a mistress in New York City.
One day Tom and Nick take a train ride together to New York and on the way they stop at a shabby garage owned by George Wilson, where Nick is introduced to the owner's wife, Myrtle (Tom's mistress). Nick accompanies Tom and Myrtle to their Manhattan love-nest, where Myrtle presides over a pretentious party that includes her sister and several others. Nick learns that Tom and Myrtle began their affair following a chance encounter on a train. Though he finds the evening increasingly unbearable, he does not leave until Tom breaks Myrtle's nose in a spat.
Nick learns that his next-door neighbor, who throws lavish parties hosting hundreds of people, is the wealthy and mysterious Jay Gatsby. Nick receives an invitation one weekend and attends, finding the party wild and fun. However, he also discovers the guests do not know much about Gatsby and that rumors about the man are contradictory. Nick runs into Jordan Baker, who invites him to join her. While looking for Gatsby, they run into a man with large "Owl Eye" glasses admiring Gatsby's collection of books. Later, a man strikes up a conversation with Nick, claiming to recognize him from the US Army's Third Infantry Division. Nick mentions his difficulty in finding the host, and the man reveals himself to be Gatsby. An odd, yet close, friendship between Nick and Gatsby begins.
One day, Gatsby takes Nick to New York City for lunch. Gatsby presents a clichéd description of his life as a wealthy dilettante and war hero to an incredulous Nick, but the latter is convinced when Gatsby displays a war medal and photograph. At lunch, Gatsby introduces a bemused Nick to underworld figure Meyer Wolfsheim (based on Arnold Rothstein). Nick then sees Tom and tries to introduce Gatsby, but finds that Gatsby has disappeared.
Jordan Baker later reveals to Nick that Gatsby had fallen in love with Daisy in 1917 as an Army Lieutenant stationed near Daisy's hometown, Louisville. After the war, Gatsby came east and bought his mansion near Daisy and Tom, where he hosts parties hoping she will visit. Jordan says Gatsby would like Nick to arrange a meeting with Daisy. Nick agrees, and invites Daisy and Gatsby to his house. The reunion is initially awkward, but Gatsby and Daisy begin a love affair. An affair also begins for Nick and Jordan, but Nick predicts their relationship will be superficial.
Daisy invites Gatsby and Nick to her mansion, where Tom discovers that Gatsby loves Daisy and, accompanied by Nick and Jordan, they depart for the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan. Tom insists he and Gatsby switch cars; as he stops by Wilson's garage for gas he flaunts Gatsby's roadster. At the hotel Tom confronts Gatsby about their affair. Gatsby urges Daisy to say she never loved Tom; Daisy says that although she did love Tom "once," she loved Gatsby "too." Tom mockingly tells Gatsby nothing can happen between him and Daisy. Gatsby retorts that the reason Daisy married Tom was because he (Gatsby) was too poor to marry Daisy. Tom visibly loses composure and reveals that Gatsby is a bootlegger. Gatsby tries to defend himself to Daisy. However, Tom knows Daisy's superficial nature very well and by taking away Gatsby's air of financial security, Daisy is now beyond his reach. With the situation between Tom and Gatsby tense, Daisy runs out of the hotel, with Gatsby following her, to Gatsby's car, where she insists on driving home as it will calm her nerves. Tom, believing he has bested Gatsby, leaves with Nick and Jordan.
George Wilson, also suspicious that his wife is having an affair, argues with her. Myrtle runs outside as Gatsby's roadster approaches (believing it to be Tom), only to be struck and killed by the car. Daisy and Gatsby speed away. Later, Tom, Jordan and Nick notice a commotion by Wilson's garage on their way to East Egg, and stop. While George mourns, moaning over his wife's body, a bystander tells of having seen a yellow car strike Myrtle. As George takes in this information, Tom tells George the car wasn't his, but George doesn't seem to listen and Tom, Jordan, and Nick leave.
Later that night Nick learns the truth of the accident from Gatsby — Daisy was driving when the car struck Myrtle. The next morning Nick finds Gatsby depressed, unsure whether Daisy still loves him, and awaits a call from her. Seeing himself as Gatsby's closest friend, Nick advises Gatsby to leave for a week. "They're a rotten crowd," Nick says, "You're worth the whole damn bunch put together."
Having tracked the owner of the roadster, Wilson appears at Gatsby's mansion with a gun. Wilson finds Gatsby floating in his pool and kills him before committing suicide.
Despite Nick's efforts, few people attend Gatsby's funeral. In the end, only Nick, Gatsby's father, and the "owl-eyed" man, who admired the books in Gatsby's library, show up at his funeral.
Nick severs connections with Jordan (who claims to be engaged to another man, although Nick believes she is lying). Also, Nick has a run-in with Tom, who admits that he revealed that Gatsby was the owner of the roadster to George Wilson, leading the deranged man to find and kill Gatsby.
Disgusted with Tom and Daisy, Nick returns permanently to the Midwest, reflecting on Gatsby's dreams and the sad and cyclical nature of the past.
Major characters
- Nick Carraway (narrator)—bond salesman from Chicago, a Yale graduate, a World War I veteran, and a resident of Long Island. He is Gatsby's next-door neighbor.
- Jay Gatsby (originally James Gatz)—a young, mysterious millionaire later revealed to be a bootlegger, originally from North Dakota, with shady business connections and an obsessive love for Daisy Fay Buchanan, whom he had met when he was a young officer in World War I.
- Daisy Buchanan née Fay—an attractive and effervescent, if shallow young woman; Nick's second cousin, once removed; and the wife of Tom Buchanan. Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald's own youthful romance with Chicago heiress Ginevra King[clarification needed] or his wife Zelda, or combination of the two. Gatsby courted but lost Daisy five years earlier due to their different social standing, the main reason Fitzgerald believed he had lost Ginevra.[11]
- Tom Buchanan—an arrogant "old money" millionaire who lives on East Egg, and Daisy's husband. Buchanan had parallels to William Mitchell, the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King. Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo. Like Ginevra's father, whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist.[11]
- Jordan Baker—She is Daisy Buchanan's long-time friend, a professional golf player with a slightly shady reputation. Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that his character was based on the golfer Edith Cummings, a friend of Ginevra King.[11]
- George B. Wilson—a mechanic and owner of a garage
- Myrtle Wilson—George Wilson's wife and Tom Buchanan's mistress. She is killed when Daisy runs her over while driving Gatsby's car.
تفاوتهای انگلیسی آمریکایی و انگلیسی بریتانیایی
تفاوتهای انگلیسی آمریکایی و انگلیسی بریتانیایی
آیا انگلیسی آمریکایی (American English) و انگلیسی بریتانیایی (British English) دو زبان مجزا هستند یا دو حالت مختلف از زبان انگلیسی؟ بعضی‌ها می‌گویند آنها دو زبان مختلف هستند ولی خیلی‌ها آنها را تنها حالتهای مختلفی از یک زبان می‌دانند.
البته هیچ پاسخ دقیقی برای این پرسش وجود ندارد. ما فقط می‌توانیم بگوییم که تفاوتهایی میان آنها وجود دارد. البته باید بدانید که این تفاوتها جزئی بوده و در اثر یکپارچه شدن دنیای امروز این تفاوتها روز به روز کمتر می‌شوند.
در ادامه با برخی از تفاوتهای میان این دو نسخه از زبان انگلیسی آشنا می‌شوید.
املای کلمات
انگلیسی بریتانیایی تمایل دارد که املای بسیاری از کلماتی که ریشه فرانسوی دارد را حفظ کند، در حالیکه آمریکاییها بیشتر سعی می‌کنند کلمات را همانطور که تلفظ می‌کنند بنویسند. علاوه بر این، آنها حروفی را که مورد نیاز نیست حذف می‌کنند. به مثالهای زیر دقت کنید:
British English | American English |
colour | color |
| centre | center |
| honour | honor |
| analyse | analyze |
| cheque | check |
| tyre | tire |
| favour | favor |
اگر چه هر دو نسخه‌ی آمریکایی و بریتانیایی زبان انگلیسی صحیح هستند، اما املای آمریکایی معمولاً ساده‌تر است. بنابراین بهتر است بطور کلی از املای آمریکایی استفاده کنید، مگر اینکه بخواهید برای خوانندگان بریتانیایی چیزی بنویسید.
تلفظ
تلفظ‌ها و لهجه‌های گوناگونی در انگلیسی محاوره‌ای وجود دارد که پرداختن به همه آنها در یک مقاله امکانپذیر نیست. بنابراین تنها به تفاوتهای اصلی بین دو نوع اصلی زبان انگلیسی، یعنی انگلیسی آمریکایی و انگلیسی بریتانیایی اشاره می‌کنیم:
صدای /r/ ممکن است در بعضی از کلمات انگلیسی بریتانیایی رسا نباشد؛ مثلاً کلمات car، park، star و bark را در نظر بگیرید. قاعده‌ی آن اینست که حرف r تنها وقتی که یک حرف صدادار بعد از آن بیاید تلفظ می‌شود، مانند Iran، British و bring.
آمریکاییها تمایل دارند کلماتی که به «-duce» ختم می‌شوند (مانند reduce، produce، induce و seduce) را بصورت /-du:s/ تلفظ کنند. در انگلیسی بریتانیایی این اغلب کمی متفاوت است:/-dju:s/
برای فراگیری سیستم تلفظ IPA اینجا را کلیک کنید.
آمریکاییها تمایل دارند کلمات را با حذف حروف کاهش دهند. بعنوان مثال کلمه «facts» در انگلیسی آمریکایی درست مثل «fax» تلفظ می‌شود - حرف t تلفظ نمی‌شود.
گاهی حروف صدادار در انگلیسی بریتانیایی حذف می‌شوند. بعنوان مثال در هیچیک از کلمات «secretary» و «tributary» حرف a تلفظ نمی‌شود.
گاهی استرس کلمه در هر کدام از دو نسخه آمریکایی و بریتانیایی تفاوت دارد:
advertisement:
American English: /
'
/
British English: /'
/
لغت
در جدول زیر چند کلمه متداول بریتانیایی بهمراه معادل آمریکایی آن ارائه شده است:
British English | American English | معنی فارسی |
| lift | elevator | آسانسور |
| trousers | pants | شلوار |
| lorry | truck | کامیون |
| petrol | gasoline | بنزین |
| underground | subway | مترو |
| aerial | antenna | آنتن |
| rubber | eraser | پاک‌کن |
| flat | apartment | آپارتمان |
| wardrobe | closet | جارختی |
| queue | line | صف |
pavement | sidewalk | پیاده‌رو |
منبع: www.zabanamoozan.com
آموزش تصویری اصطلاحات انگلیسی
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones
Fishy معنی: عجیب، مشکوک  When the security guard saw a light in the store, it seemed to him that there was something fishy going on. He called the central office and explained to his superior that he thought something strange and suspicious was occurring. وقتی نگهبان نوری را در مغازه مشاهده کرد، به نظرش رسید که چیز مشکوکی در حال اتفاق بود. او با دفتر مرکزی تماس گرفت و به مافوقش گفت که به گمان او چیز عجیب و مشکوکی در حال وقوع بود. |
Get off someone's back معنی: دست از سر کسی برداشتن  - Hey, John. I'm bored. Come on, let's go out and do something. - Sorry, I'm right in the middle of studying for a physics exam. I won't be able to make it tonight. - You've been studying for a long time. Why don't you take a break? - Get off my back! I can't go anywhere! - OK, I'll stop bothering you only if you promise to let me know the minute you're finished. - هی، جان. من خسته شدم. بیا بریم بیرون یه کاری بکنیم. - متأسفم، الآن دارم خودم رو برای یک امتحان فیزیک آماده می‌کنم. امشب نمی‌تونم بیام. - تو خیلی وقته که داری درس می‌خونی. چرا یک کم استراحت نمی‌کنی؟ - دست از سرم بردار! من هچ جا نمی‌تونم بیام! - باشه، دیگه اذیتت نمی‌کنم فقط به این شرط که قول بدی هر موقع کارت تموم شد بهم بگی. |
